The Flood/Post-Flood Boundary Is in the Late Cenozoic with Little Post-Flood Catastrophism

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	The Flood/Post-Flood Boundary Is in the Late Cenozoic with Little Post-Flood Catastrophism Michael J. Oard Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgments Part I - Why post-Flood catastrophism? Chapter 1. What is post-Flood catastrophism? The Flood/post-Flood boundary The nature of Flood geology The status of a sophisticated Flood model The big picture supports the Genesis Flood Some sedimentary layers cover huge areas Little or no erosion between and within sedimentary layers Fossils support the Genesis Flood Plan of the book Catastrophism versus uniformitarianism (in-depth section) Chapter 2. Why Is the Issue Significant? A sophisticated Flood model would show we have answers We can better understand the immediate post-Flood world We can know which animals diversified from the Ararat region We can know when the Ice Age started after the Flood We will not waste time We will teach accurate ideas about the Flood Part II – The Main Locations for the Flood/Post Flood Boundary Chapter 3. The Dispute over the Boundary The role of the geological column Four main locations for the Flood/post-Flood boundary The Precambrian Boundary Model The Paleozoic Boundary Model The K/T Boundary Model The late Cenozoic Boundary Model The Dispute How I came to believe the boundary is in the late Cenozoic The evolutionary/uniformitarian geological column and timescale (in-depth) The historical development of the geological column How to read the geological column Chapter 4. Should the Bible be the Basis for a Flood Model? The better way The Flood was global The Genesis Flood would act like a flash flood Walker’s biblical geological model Defining criteria (in-depth) Part III – Sedimentary Rock Evidence Chapter 5. Huge Volume of Cenozoic Sedimentary Rocks Examples of huge Cenozoic sedimentary rock layers The Fort Union Formation The Rocky Mountain Basins and Valleys Twenty-Thousand Feet of Late Cenozoic Strata Southern California Basins The Incredible South Caspian Basin Thick Cenozoic sedimentary rocks elsewhere Cenozoic sedimentary rocks—thickest of any geological period Chapter 6. Thin, Widespread Sedimentary Layers Formations difficult to explain by the Precambrian Boundary Model The extent of the Tapeats Formation and its equivalents The extent of the Redwall Formation and its likely equivalents The Coconino Sandstone and its equivalents extend into Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma Formations difficult to explain by the Late Paleozoic Boundary Model The Morrison Formation The Navajo Formation and its equivalents The Shinarump Conglomerate Thin, widespread sedimentary layer in the Cenozoic—the Fort Union Formation Summary Chapter 7. Consolidated Sedimentary Rocks How are sediments cemented into sedimentary rocks? The Flood would provide the idea environment for the rapid cementation Cementation very difficult today Would huge post-Flood catastrophes help? Consolidated sediments—a good boundary criterion Chapter 8. Deposition of Widespread or Thick Precipitates Huge continental "evaporites" Continental margin "evaporites" The most amazing "evaporite" of all Numerous paradoxes for uniformitarian mechanisms "Evaporites" must be deposited during the Flood How could "evaporites" be deposited after the Flood? "Evaporites" make an excellent criterion for the Flood/post-Flood boundary Chapter 9. Phosphorites and High Phosphate Sedimentary Rocks Phosphate rocks forming today High phosphate sedimentary rock Cenozoic phosphate rocks Cenozoic phosphate beds favors a late Cenozoic Flood/post-Food boundary Chapter 10. Formation of Cenozoic Carbonates Early Cenozoic carbonates Late Cenozoic carbonates The Hualapai Limestone in the Lake Mead area Large volume carbonates very likely deposited in the Flood Chapter 11. Tremendous Cenozoic Continental Margin Rocks The characteristics of the continental margin The Genesis Flood formed the continental margin Thick Cenozoic continental margin sedimentary rocks Very late Cenozoic Flood/post-Flood boundary based on continental margins Part IV – Fossil Evidence Chapter 12. Mineralized Fossils Mineralization of organisms rare today The Flood would provide an idea environment for mineralization Cenozoic mineralization A few examples Exceptions Chapter 13. Thick, Pure Coal Seams Favor a Very Late Cenozoic Boundary Example of a large, early Cenozoic coal seam Late Cenozoic coal favors a very Late Cenozoic Flood/post-Flood boundary Chapter 14. Amber Implies a Late Cenozoic Boundary Mysterious amber observations Amber common worldwide—even in the late Cenozoic What trees produced amber Flood log mats explain amber and organisms in amber Very difficult to form amber after the Flood Chapter 15. Oil and Natural Gas Cenozoic oil and natural gas Oil and natural gas indicate a late Cenozoic boundary Chapter 16. Microorganism Layers Difficult to Accumulate Post Flood Widespread, thick, pure chalk Nearly pure diatomaceous beds with large vertebrate fossils The difficulty with accumulating chalk and diatomaceous beds post-Flood Chapter 17. Unique Cenozoic Mammal Fossil Characteristics Where are the mammal fossils if the Flood/post-Flood boundary is at the K/T? What about Cenozoic mammal graveyards? How is the Cenozoic fossil order explained after the Flood? Questions in mammal biogeography Summary Part V – Huge Tectonics Chapter 18. Huge Cenozoic Vertical Tectonics The Rocky Mountains uplifted about 40,000 feet during the Cenozoic Colorado Plateau tectonics Cenozoic Huge Cenozoic tectonics worldwide How can such stupendous vertical tectonics occur worldwide after the Flood? Chapter 19. Postulated Tremendous Horizontal Plate Movements Cenozoic plate movement India collided with Asia in the Cenozoic Implications for post-Flood catastrophic plate tectonics Chapter 20. Special Catastrophic Tectonics during the Cenozoic What are ophiolites? Cenozoic ophiolites—powerful post-Flood overthrusting of ocean crust onto land? Metamorphic core complexes after the Flood? Cenozoic ultrahigh-pressure minerals imply post-Flood uplifts from below 60 miles Part VI – Geomorphological Evidence Chapter 21. Huge Cenozoic Erosion of the Continents Methods of estimating continental erosion Large-scale erosion of the continents Colorado Plateau Appalachian Mountains Other examples of massive continental erosion Rocky Mountain basin erosion Erosion was rapid Massive erosion indicates the Flood/post-Flood boundary is in the late Cenozoic Chapter 22 Erosional Escarpments Favor a Late Cenozoic Boundary Coastal Great Escarpments How can Great Escarpments be explained by post-Flood catastrophism? Great Escarpments explained by Flood runoff Chapter 23. Planation Surfaces: the Boundary Is in the Late Cenozoic Planation surfaces occur in different topographical contexts Planation surfaces not forming today and have been reduced in size Planation surfaces worldwide Planation surfaces eroded by water in the Cenozoic How can planation surfaces form after the Flood? Chapter 24. Long-Distance, Transported Hard Rocks Quartzite rocks spread up to 800 miles northwest U.S. and adjacent Canada Cobbles and boulders transported from other mountains ranges in the U.S. Cobbles and boulders pile up deeply around the south-central Asian mountains Hard rock transport puts the Flood/post-Flood boundary in the late Cenozoic Chapter 25. Deep Valleys Carved Late in the Flood Valleys and canyons can be eroded by catastrophic processes Examples of deep valleys or canyons How can deep canyons and valleys be eroded after the Flood? Valleys and canyons carved by late Flood channelized currents. Chapter 26. Pediments Point to a Late Cenozoic Flood/Post-Flood Boundary Properties of pediments Thousands of pediments defy uniformitarianism Two difficult observations for uniformitarians No viable uniformitarian hypothesis How could pediments form after the Flood? Pediments readily cut by late Flood channelized erosion during the late Cenozoic Chapter 27. Water and Wind Gaps—Strong Evidence for a Late Cenozoic Flood/Post-Flood Boundary What is a water and wind gap? Thousands of water gaps worldwide Water gaps—a major uniformitarian mystery How can water and wind gaps be cut after the Flood? Channelized Floodwater easily cuts water and wind gaps during the late Cenozoic Chapter 28. Submarine Canyons Point toward a Late Cenozoic Boundary Characteristics of submarine canyons Uniformitarian difficulties Submarine canyons also difficult to form from post-Flood catastrophism Submarine canyons formed late in the Flood Part VII – Climatic Considerations Chapter 29. Cenozoic Warmth at Mid and High Latitudes not post-Flood Worldwide warm climate Alaska Northwest United States Northeast Canada Mix of fossil plants from widely divergent climates Computer simulations indicate cold winters The boundary is in the Late Cenozoic Chapter 30. Cenozoic Volcanic Winter Would Likely Kill All Biology Large historical volcanic eruptions cause modest global cooling Volcanic winter can freeze the earth Cenozoic volcanism much too great to be post-Flood Chapter 31. Impact Winter Would Decimate the Biosphere Cenozoic impacts Climatic effects of impacts The Flood/post-Flood boundary is in the Late Cenozoic Part VIII – Miscellaneous Evidences Chapter 32. Radioactive Decay Eliminates the Cenozoic As Post Flood RATE results Too much heat during the Cenozoic The radiation problem Chapter 33. The “Mountains of Ararat” Put the Boundary in the Late Cenozoic Part IX – The Boundary Is Clearly in the Late Cenozoic Chapter 34. Summary of Thirty-Two Evidences Chapter 35. Difficult or Borderline Cases Australian marsupials Modern and Ice Age animals from South and Central America The Yellowstone super-eruptions Late Cenozoic mammals southern High Plains Mammal fossils in Nebraska Southeast Africa hominid sites Part X – Special Challenges to the Late Cenozoic Boundary Model Chapter 36. The Green River Formation in the Central Rockies Uniformitarian difficulties The Green River Formation deposited during the Flood The huge size Enough oil for the United States for 100 years Tropical and subtropical fossils Massive erosion of the Green River Formation Summary What about the evidence for post-Flood lakes? The difficult observations tell us more about the Flood Calculating erosion over the north limb of the San Rafael Swell (in-depth) Chapter 37. The Columbia River Basalts in the Northwest U.S. Evidence the CRBs were erupted during the Flood Well rounded, exotic quartzites on top of CRBs Diatomite layer between basalt flows The massive Thorp Gravel A rounded, eroded anticline Subtropical trees within and between lava flows Water and wind gaps Rapid, long distance basalt flows Volcanic winter could occur Conclusion What about the evidence for a post-Flood environment? (in-depth) Widespread basalt layers Rare pillow lavas Columnar structures Welded ash Pumice fragments within ash beds Location at the edge of continents Interbedded sediments Local laterites and paleosols, some tree bearing Terrestrial fossils within interbeds Poor textural sorting of ash, similar to air-fall ash Rocks in conglomerate from a local source Abrupt lateral changes in volcanic rock type and the thickness of lavas Chapter 38. Dam-Breach Hypothesis for the Origin of Grand Canyon Uniformitarian difficulties Fatal problems with the dam-breach hypothesis The "lakes" No evidence for the lakes Long tributary canyons cannot be explain by a dam breach Grand Canyon carved by late Flood channelized erosion Conclusion Chapter 39. Mammal Fossil Paleontological Challenges [to be written] Part XI – A Brief Analysis of the Recolonization and K/T Models Chapter 40. The Recolonization Model Greatly Multiplies Problems Why are some creationist postulating recolonization The recolonization model Critique of the recolonization model Recolonization model assumptions Geological and logical problems The new crust Refugia issues Post-Flood recolonization? Biblical problems Chapter 41. Lack of Evidence for the K/T Boundary Model The change from worldwide/continental to local/regional sedimentation Tertiary cooling trend Tertiary mammals of the western United States Tertiary bird and mammal tracks and the Devils corkscrews Tertiary volcanic deposits in the northwestern United States Cooling ocean lithosphere while the mountains rose Can post-Flood mass wasting explain the Cenozoic? (in-depth section) Surficial sediments were lithified right after the Flood The Earth likely vegetated rapidly Hypercanes hypothetical and insignificant Cenozoic catastrophes too devastating Numerous problems with the idea of mass wasting accounting for the Cenozoic

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