Earth's Surface Shaped by Genesis Flood Runoff
Volume I: Tectonics and Erosion

Michael J. Oard

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I - Perplexing Problems in Geomorphology

Chapter 1. Mysteries of the Earth's Surface

• The two paradigms of mainstream geology
• Mysteries of geomorphology
• What is geomorphology (in-depth section)

Chapter 2. Uniformitarian Geology Cannot Explain Most Landforms

• Many ideas, no reasonable solutions
• Geomorphologists have given up trying to explain landforms
• The problem is the paradigms
• Landforms formed by water
• The call for an outrageous hypothesis

Chapter 3. Resuscitating Geomorphology with the Genesis Flood

• The biblical geological model
• The two phases of the Retreating Stage
• The Flood was similar to a flash flood
• The Floodwater eroded and shaped the Earth's surface

Part II - Catastrophic Tectonics

Chapter 4. How did the Floodwater Drain Off the Continents?

• The testimony of Psalm 104:6-9
• Psalm 104:6-9 must refer to the Flood
• The Flood was global
• The meaning of Psalm 104:8
• The covering of Mount Everest "challenge"-answered

Chapter 5. Mountains Rise and Valleys Sink: Geology Demonstrates Psalm 104:8

• Differential vertical tectonics ubiquitous on the continents
• Small-scale tectonics on the ocean bottom
• The timing of differential vertical tectonics
• Geological column and timescale (in-depth section)

Chapter 6. Up to 45,000 feet of differential vertical tectonics in Wyoming

• Enormous uplift and subsidence over Wyoming
• The Beartooth Mountains rose while the Bighorn Basin sank
• Uplift was fast
• Differential vertical tectonics late in the Flood
• The maximum is 45,000 feet
• How the Bighorn Basin filled with sediments (in depth section)

Chapter 7. Continents Rise and the Ocean Basins Sink

• The continents uplifted out of the Floodwater
• The ocean basins sank
• Huge differential vertical tectonics continental margins
• Guyots indicate oceanic subsidence far from land
• Seamounts and guyots (in-depth section)

Part III - Catastrophic Erosion of the Continents

Chapter 8. Up to 20,000 Feet of Erosion from the Continents

• Huge erosion Colorado Plateau
• Erosion from other areas of western North America
• Possibly 20,000 feet of erosion Appalachians
• A few erosion estimates from other continents
• Summary
• Methods for estimating the amount of erosion (in-depth section)

Chapter 9. Tall Erosional Remnants Demonstrate Catastrophic Erosion

• Erosional remnants
• Devils Tower
• The origin of Devils Tower
• Plains erosion believed much more than 1,000 feet
• The changing story of High Plains erosion
• All of North America can be leveled to sea level in less than 50 million years
• Why should Devils Tower remain standing for millions of years
• The Flood explanation
• Tall erosional remnants abound United States
• Monument Valley and vicinity
• The Grand Canyon area
• Rapid erosion over the Grand Canyon area (in-depth section)

Chapter 10. The Puzzle of Large Natural Bridges and Arches

• Natural bridges
• Rock arches
• Assumed uniformitarian origin not observed
• Small natural bridges can form after the Flood
• A late Flood mechanism for large natural bridges and arches

Chapter 11. Coastal Great Escarpments

• General features of coastal Great Escarpments
• Uniformitarian difficulties
• Great Escarpments formed during retreating Floodwater
• Uniformitarian origin hypotheses of coastal Great Escarpments (in-depth section)
• Gradual retreat of the escarpment hypothesis
• The downwearing hypothesis
• Slope retreat model more likely

Chapter 12. The 10,000-Foot High Great Escarpment Southeast Africa

• The coastal Great Escarpment of southern Africa
• Southeast Africa bowed upward
• Too much erosion for the uniformitarian timescale
• The coastal Great Escarpment formed by Flood runoff

Part IV - Quartzite Rocks Transported Long Distances
Northwest States and Adjacent Canada

Chapter 13. The Source of Quartzite Rocks

• The Belt-Purcell rocks
• Bedded quartzite mostly from the western Rocky Mountains
• Quartzites spread east, southeast, and west
• What is quartzite? (in depth section)

Chapter 14. Quartzite Rocks Transported up to 800 Miles East

• Location of quartzite gravel High Plains east of Rocky Mountains
• Cypress Hills quartzite gravel
• Flaxville quartzite gravel
• The Wood Mountain Plateau gravel
• Quartzites common at lower elevations
• The quartzites transport from the southwest
• Transport up to 800 miles from west of the continental divide
• Non cypflax gravels (in-depth section)

Chapter 15. Uniformitarian Speculations on Gravel Transport East

• Long distance river transport and relief inversion fails
• River transport does not work
• Problems with relief inversion
• Braidplain/tectonic boost idea-a desperate hypothesis
• Such a "braidplain" should have incorporated abundant High Plains rocks
• Uplifting mountains cannot provide a boost
• The quartzite source in the eastern Rocky Mountains is low grade
• Summary

Chapter 16. Quartzite Gravel Southwest Montana and Adjacent Idaho

• Two distinct types of gravel
• Valley locations for quartzite gravels
• Quartzite gravel on top of the Gravelly Mountains
• Thick quartzites in deep paleovalleys
• The proliferation of names [boxed]

Chapter 17. Quartzite Gravel Northwest Wyoming

• Quartzite gravel lag
• Quartzites on top of the northern Teton Mountains
• Quartzites piled 11,000 feet thick northeast of Jackson
• Quartzites elsewhere

Chapter 18. Uniformitarian Speculations on Gravel Transport Southeast of Central Idaho

• Local sources easily eliminated
• No evidence for tectonic uplift to the west
• Thrust sheet transport does not work
• Does river transport work?
• Quartzite must be transported 400 miles southeast
• The paleoriver transport hypothesis
• Why didn't the paleorivers incorporate limestone gravel?
• Lack of a river transport mechanism
• Summary

Chapter 19. Quartzite Gravel Location in Oregon

• Central Oregon
• Northeast Oregon
• The Columbia River Valley from The Dallas to the Pacific Ocean
• Quartzite gravel near The Dallas
• Quartzite gravel west of Hood River
• Quartzite gravel Portland area
• Quartzite gravel west of Portland

Chapter 20. Quartzite Gravel Locations in Washington

• Southeast Washington and Hells Canyon
• Quartzite gravel extreme southeast Washington and Hells Canyon
• Quartzite gravel along the Snake River
• South-central Washington
• Numerous locations on the Horse Heaven Hills
• Quartzite gravel on the other lava ridges
• Other locations
• The amazing quartzites in the Puget Sound area
• Isolated quartzites northeast Washington

Chapter 21. Uniformitarian Speculations on Gravel Transport West

• The "ancestral Columbia River"
• Allen's Torrential Paleoriver
• Implications

Chapter 22. Powerful Evidence for Retreating Floodwater

• The big picture
• Flood runoff seems like the only possibility

Chapter 23. Gravel Transport Can Determine Late Flood Tectonics

• The mountains rise and the valleys sink
• The eastward shift of the "continental divide"

Part V - Resistant Rocks Transported from Other Mountains

Chapter 24. The Rim Gravel in Arizona

• Moderate transport distance
• Tremendous erosion of central and southern Arizona
• Uniformitarian difficulties
• Genesis Flood solution
• What is Rim Gravel? (in-depth section)

Chapter 25. The Amazing Gold-Bearing Gravels of the Central Sierras

• Deep western valleys of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
• Valleys north of Yosemite partly filled with auriferous gravel
• Possible channelized flow from Nevada
• Gravel laid down in torrential flows
• Powerful late Flood channelized currents explain the geomorphology

Chapter 26. Gravel Transported 500 miles on the Southern High Plains

• Ogallala Gravel on central and southern High Plains
• Huge extent
• 500 miles of transport Texas
• Uniformitarian conundrum
• Consistent with flood deposition and erosion

Chapter 27. Gravel Spread Long Distances from the Appalachians

• The Lafayette Gravel spread west of the Appalachians
• Gravel east of the Appalachians
• Gravel south of the Appalachians
• Uniformitarian conundrums
• Flood explanation
• Checkered history of the Lafayette Gravel (in-depth section)

Chapter 28. Gravel Spread Far North of the Alaska Range

• The Alaska Range
• The Nenana Gravel Spread north of the Alaska Range
• The uniformitarian wild guess

Chapter 29. Gravel Deposits around the South Central Asian Mountains

• Gravel pattern south of the Himalayas
• Gravel north of the Tibetan Plateau
• Gravel shed from the Tian Shan Mountains
• Gravel shed from the Zagros Mountains
• Gravel in the western Sichuan Basin
• Implications
• Further implication for the Flood/post-Flood boundary

Part VI - Catastrophic Deposition along the Continental Margin

Chapter 30. The Sediments of the Continental Margin

• The flat continental shelf and the drop off of the continental slope
• Continental shelf
• Continental slope
• Continental rise
• Subsurface sedimentary rocks
• Margin basalt flows
• Seaward dipping faults common - even on Pacific-type margins

Chapter 31. Flood runoff Formed the Continental Margin

• The continental margin - a mysterious geomorphic feature
• Why is the margin mysterious?
• Continental margins mostly formed before submarine canyons
• The Genesis Flood formed the continental margin
• A Lake Missoula flood analog
• The Flood ended everywhere by Day 371
• Sea level higher at the end of the Flood than today (in-depth section)

Appendices

Appendix 1. What Caused Vertical Tectonics Late in the Flood?

• Uniformitarian scientists do not know
• A few possible creationist mechanisms
• Variable uplift caused by restoring forces after Flood impacts

Appendix 2. The Mystery of Guyot Formation and Sinking

• Origin of guyots unknown
• Not all guyots eroded at sea level
• Tall guyots most likely flattened at or near sea level
• Why have guyots subsided?
• Problem of the carbonate cap not being a drowned reef
• Guyot formation late in the Flood

Appendix 3. How Did the Thick Carbonate Cap on Atolls Form?

• Surprisingly thick carbonate cap on Eniwetok Island-a difficulty
• Thick carbonate cap also discovered on guyots
• Flood model explanation
• The carbonate cap is not reefal material
• Could the carbonate-capped guyots and atolls represent a broken up plateau?
• A Flood hypothesis
• An alternative post-Flood solution

Appendix 4. Calculation of Appalachian Erosion

• General geomorphology of the Appalachians
• Amount of erosion based on offshore sediments

Appendix 5. Massive Erosion of Other Coastal Great Escarpments

• The coastal Great Escarpment of Eastern Australia
• Great Escarpments of peninsular India
• The Great Escarpment of eastern Brazil
• The Blue Ridge Escarpment

Appendix 6. The Cypress Hills Quartzite Gravel

• Predominantly quartzite gravel from the Rocky Mountains
• Relationship to the Swift Current Plateau to the northeast

Appendix 7. The Enigmatic Driftless Area

• Uniformitarian ice age scheme does not work
• The mystery of the erratic boulders in the driftless area

Appendix 8. Cenozoic Fossil Dating Scheme Illusory

• The top of the Cypress Hills gravel becomes younger
• The bottom of the cypress Hills gravel becomes older
• All the gravels identical

Appendix 9. High Velocity Spread of Quartzite Gravel

• Velocity derived from deformation structures
• Velocity derived from the Cypress Hills gravel

Appendix 10. Mass Flows

• Two main types of mass flow
• In-between types
• Mass flow associated with quartzite rock transport

Appendix 11. The Limestone Conglomerate of Southwest Montana

Appendix 12. Gravel Terraces of the Cascade Mountains

• The Thorp gravel
• Gravel terrace south of the Clackamas River, northwest Oregon
• Very late Flood origin of the gravels

Appendix 13. Characteristic of Rim Gravel

• Gravel on the Hualapai Indian Reservation
• Rim gravel on the east-central Mogollon Rim

Appendix 14. Paleohydrological Analysis of Rim Gravel

• Paleoslope estimates
• Bedload transport hypothesis

Earth's Surface Shaped by Genesis Flood Runoff
Volume II: Planation Surfaces and Inselbergs

Part VII - The Puzzle of Planation Surfaces

Chapter 32. What is a Planation surface?

• The difference between and erosion and planation surface
• Planation surfaces erode by water
• Planation surface complications
• Planation surfaces easy to recognize
• Paleosols and weathered surfaces inadequate
• Accordant summits uncertain
• Beveled surfaces are planation surfaces
• Planation surfaces on horizontal strata
• Planation surfaces on soft rocks very young

Chapter 33. Planation Surfaces Once Much Larger

• Modification of planation surfaces
• Topographic locations of planation surfaces
• Planation surfaces sometimes on flat bottomed valleys
• Erosion surfaces can even be along hills
• Pediments easily observed
• Mountaintop planation surfaces
• Plains and plateau planation surfaces

Chapter 34. A Major Mystery of Uniformitarian Geology

Chapter 35. The Impossibility of "Old" Planation Surfaces

• "Old" pediments
• Super "old" planation surfaces
• Uniformitarians apparently forced to accept the great ages
• Fishing for preserving mechanisms
• Powerful, objective evidence against old dates

Part VIII - North American Planation Surfaces

Chapter 36. The Incredible Cypress Hills Planation Surface

• Four planation surfaces at different altitudes
• The Cypress Hills planation surface
• The cypress Hills planation surface once much larger

Chapter 37. The Flaxville and Nearby Planation Surface

• The Flaxville plateaus
• Flaxville erosional remnants elsewhere
• The Wood Mountain Plateau
• The Flaxville/Wood Mountain driftless area
• Alden's benches number 2 and 3
• Planation surfaces carved during the Retreating Stage of the Flood

Chapter 38. Planation Surfaces Western United States

• Sierra Nevada Mountains
• Rocky Mountains
• Beartooth Mountains
• Absaroka Mountains
• Wind River Mountains
• Idaho batholith
• Front Range of the Colorado Rockies
• Other Rocky Mountain ranges
• What does it mean?
• High Plains of North America

Chapter 39. Central U.S. Planation Surfaces

• Ozark Plateau
• Osage Plain

Chapter 40. Appalachian Planation Surfaces

• The Piedmont planation surface
• Are the ridges in the Valley and Ridge Province a planation surface?
• Planation surfaces west of the Valley and Ridge Province

Chapter 41. Canadian Planation Surfaces

• The huge Canadian Shield exhumed planation surface
• Western Canada and Alaska
• Northern Canada
• Southeastern Canada

Part IX - A Survey of Planation Surfaces on Other Continents

Chapter 42. The African Surface

• Lester King's analysis of multiple planation surfaces
• New analysis says only one!
• Planation surfaces capped by duricrusts

Chapter 43. Australian Planation Surfaces

• Eastern Australia
• The Nullarbor Plain
• Western Australia
• The beveled ridges of isolated mountain ranges
• Planation surface around Ayers rock

Chapter 44. South American Planation Surfaces

• The Andes Mountains
• The Guayana Shield north of the Amazon River
• Planation surface south of the Amazon River
• The character of the planation surfaces

Chapter 45. Planation surfaces United Kingdom

• Southeast England
• Wales
• Scotland
• Ireland

Chapter 46. Western European Planation Surfaces

• Norway
• Sweden and Finland
• France
• Spain
• Corsica and Sardinia
• Germany
• The Alps
• Italy

Chapter 47. Eastern European Planation Surfaces

• The Russian platform
• The Carpathian Mountains
• Poland/The Czech Republic
• The Balkan Peninsula
• The Caucasus Mountains
• Turkey and around the Black Sea

Chapter 48. Other Continental Planation Surfaces

• Asia
• Antarctica
• Greenland
• New Zealand

Chapter 49. Planation Surfaces: Summary and Implications

• Summary
• Implications

Part X - All Uniformitarian Hypotheses Fail

Chapter 50. Davis's Failed "Cycle of Erosion"

• Davis' lucky break
• Davis applied evolution to landforms
• The hypothesis rejected
• Hypothesis believed mainly because of social variables

Chapter 51. Does the Weathering Hypothesis Explain Planation Surfaces?

• The weathering hypothesis
• Weathering does not form planation surfaces
• Many more difficulties

Chapter 52. All Geomorphological Hypotheses Fail

Part XI - The Dilemma of Inselbergs

Chapter 53. Inselbergs

• Different types of inselbergs
• Impressive inselbergs
• The City of Rocks south-central Idaho

Chapter 54. The Mysterious Tower Karst

• Unusually high tower karst
• Tower karst mostly found in the tropics
• Origin of tower karst a mystery

Chapter 55. Inselbergs and Tower Karst Tens of Millions of Years Old?

• Inselbergs
• Some weather fast today
• Their "ages" a major mystery
• Tower karst

Chapter 56. Uniformitarian hypotheses Fail

• Inselbergs not necessarily harder with fewer cracks
• Two flawed hypotheses
• King's hypothesis
• The weathering hypothesis

Part XII - Planation Surfaces and Inselbergs Carved by the Flood

Chapter 57. Early Retreating Stage Erosion and Planing

• Planation surfaces formed by a large-scale flow of water
• Sheet flow plans the land
• High plains planation northern Montana and adjacent Canada
• Erosion surfaces formed central Montana
• Planation and erosion surfaces sheared worldwide
• Planation surfaces deformed and eroded
• Duricrusts form on some planation surfaces
• Planation surfaces young-uniformitarian dates greatly exaggerated

Chapter 58. Inselbergs Left behind on Planation Surfaces by Flood Runoff

• What variables cause inselbergs?
• A possible mechanism for the formation of tower karst
• What caused flared slopes and tafoni on some inselbergs
• Flared slopes formed by water during the Ice Age
• Exfoliation erosion implies young bornhardts
• Lake Missoula flood examples
• Some inselbergs orientated
• Summary

Appendices

Appendix 15. Possible Confusion in Identifying Surficial Planation Surfaces

• Depositional surfaces
• Terminology problems
• Exhumed planation surfaces

Appendix 16. "Dating" Landforms and Anomalous Results

• "Very old" planation surfaces
• Uniformitarianism severely challenged
• "Old" landforms dated by radiometric methods
• Cosmogenic radioisotopes reinforce little erosion of landforms

Appendix 17. Planation Surfaces Uinta Mountains

• Wild Mountain upland planation surface
• The Gilbert Peak erosion surface

Appendix 18. Documentation of Planation Surface Southeast Canada

Appendix 19. Other Hypotheses for the Origin of Planation Surfaces

• Marine planation
• Walther Penck's anti-Davis reaction
• The hypothesis
• Problems with the hypothesis
• Lester King's parallel retreat of slopes
• The hypothesis
• Problems with the hypothesis
• Hack's dynamic equilibrium hypothesis
• The hypothesis
• Problems with the hypothesis
• Crickmay's lateral planation and unequal erosion hypotheses
• The hypotheses
• Problems with the Hypotheses

Appendix 20. Poorly Known Origin of Flared Slopes and Tafoni

• Flared slopes
• Tafoni

Earth's Surface Shaped by Genesis Flood Runoff
Volume III: Channelized Flow Landforms

Part XIII-Rapid Channelized Erosion

Chapter 59. The Origin of Valleys

• The great debate over the origin of valleys
• But some valleys modified by ice
• Rapid excavation of valleys
• Strath terraces
• Vertical walled valleys young
• Post-Flood carving of vertical walled canyons
• U-shaped valleys transform into V-shape with time
• "Old" U-shaped valleys catastrophically carved and young
• Late Flood incision of valleys

Chapter 60. Strath Terraces

• Strath terraces common along valleys all over the world
• Some strath terraces likely formed after the Flood
• Origin of most strath terraces unknown
• High strath terraces formed during channelized Flood runoff

Chapter 61. Entrenched Meanders

• Meanders common
• Meanders in submarine canyons
• Meanders in water gaps
• The puzzle of entrenched meanders
• Rapid uplift and channelized Flood erosion may account for entrenched meanders

Chapter 62. Underfit Streams

• Twenty to fifty times more water to carve the valleys
• Controversy over the amount of water
• Ice Age runoff and/or channelized Flood erosion?

Chapter 63. What Caused Poljes?

• What caused the flat depression floor?
• Origin of poljes a puzzle
• Could channelized Flood erosion form poljes?

Part XIV - The Mystery of Pediments

Chapter 64. Pediments-Another Remarkable Landforms

• What is a pediment
• Pediments easy to recognize
• Pediments not confined to dry areas
• Remarkably flat and often capped by a veneer of rounded gravel
• Pediments can be sizeable
• Gentle slopes
• Multiple valley pediments
• Pediments beveled in granite and dipping sedimentary rocks

Chapter 65. Pediments Common But Not Forming Today

• Pediments common worldwide
• Pediments formed in the past by water
• But some geologists think pediments are forming today
• Others face up to the evidence of past formation
• Geomorphologists ever hopeful of finding a mechanism

Chapter 66. No viable Uniformitarian Hypothesis

• Crickmay's superflood hypothesis
• Two fatal problems for all uniformitarian hypotheses
• Far traveled exotic rocks
• Pediment passes and domes
• No viable uniformitarian hypothesis

Chapter 67. Pediments Formed in the Flood Retreating Stage

• A pediment formation hypothesis
• Explanations for pediment variability
• Formation of pediment passes
• Mainly formed in Channelized Flow Phase of the Flood
• Why are pediments missing from some valleys?
• Summary
• Pediments point to a global Flood, not a local flood!

Chapter 68. Central Montana Pediments and Channelized Flood Runoff

[to be written]

Chapter 69. The Complicated Pediments in the Bozeman area.

[to be written]

Part XV - Submarine Canyons

Chapter 70. Submarine Canyons-Offshore "Grand Canyons"

• "Grand Canyons" perpendicular to the continental margin
• Submarine canyons common
• Two types of submarine canyons
• Amazing chasms
• Sometimes start in shallow water
• The length
• The depth of the canyon walls
• The volume
• Other amazing properties

Chapter 71. How Are Submarine Canyons Related to River Valleys?

• What is the similarities to rivers?
• Contrary observations
• Submarine canyons now older than the Ice Age
• Summary

Chapter 72. Monterey Submarine Canyon and Fan

• The Monterey Submarine Canyon
• The length
• Carved through a planation surface
• Tributary canyons
• How is Monterey Canyon related to coastal features?
• A meandering canyon
• Monterey Canyon indicates little movement of the western San Andreas fault zone
• The giant Monterey submarine fan

Chapter 73. Two Uniformitarian Hypotheses

• Random submarine slides
• Submarine slides from river deposition
• Problems with this mechanism
• Example of the Eel River "delta" northern California
• Most deltas do not have submarine canyons
• The origin of submarine canyons unknown

Chapter 74. Explosive Late Flood Origin of Submarine Canyons

• Canyons cut after continental margin sediments deposited
• Submarine canyons carved through forearc ridges and basins
• Rare buried submarine canyons show continental margin sediments deposited first
• Submarine canyons carved very late in the Flood
• How were the canyons carved late in the Flood?
• Focused deposition of a huge amount of debris followed by rapid sliding
• The example of the Var submarine slide
• Not related to the river, but to the valley
• The Var submarine slide (in-depth section)

Part XVI - The Conundrum of Water and Wind Gaps

Chapter 75. The Mystery of Water and Wind Gaps

• The erroneous definition of a water gap
• The problem of a hypothesis being part of a descriptive definition
• The definition is too narrow
• What is a wind gap?
• A major mystery

Chapter 76. Sensational Water Gaps North America

• The Snake River through Hells Canyon
• The Shoshone River water gap
• The Green River water gap through the Uinta Mountains
• Yakima River water gaps
• Miscellaneous other water gaps Rocky Mountains
• Unaweep Canyon wind gap
• Water gaps Canada
• Water gaps Alaska

Chapter 77. Water and Wind Gaps Appalachian Mountains

• Water gaps northern Appalachians
• Water gaps central Appalachians
• Enigmatic water gaps southern Appalachians
• Aligned water gaps
• Multiple wind gaps
• Appalachian water and wind gaps a mystery

Chapter 78. Eurasian Water Gaps

Chapter 79. Water Gaps on Other Continents

• African water gaps
• Australian water gaps
• Water gaps South America
• Summary of a remarkable geomorphological feature

Part XVII - Gaps in Uniformitarian Hypotheses

Chapter 80. Antecedent Stream Hypothesis-Mostly Rejected

• Origin of the hypothesis
• Should apply to most mountains
• Many severe problems with the hypothesis
• Antecedence never had any evidence

Chapter 81. Superimposed Stream Hypothesis-An Act of Desperation

• What is the superimposed stream hypothesis?
• The classic Appalachian Mountains explanation
• Southern England examples
• Little or no evidence for superimposition

Chapter 82. Stream Piracy Hypothesis-The Final Fallback Position

• The "evidence" for stream piracy
• The origin of Grand Canyon by Stream Piracy?
• Equivocal evidence
• Little real evidence for stream piracy

Chapter 83. Little If Any Evidence for Uniformitarian Hypotheses

• Did the river cut the gap?
• Water gaps only significant if the river could have easily gone around
• Researchers say little or no evidence
• Overspill hypothesis for the origin of Grand Canyon?
• Special, but unlikely, combinations of mechanisms (in-depth section)

Part XVIII - Late Flood Origin of Water and Wind Gaps

Chapter 84. Channelized Flood Flow cuts Water and Wind Gaps

• Rapid cutting of water and wind gaps during Flood runoff
• Water and wind gaps are young landforms
• Did water gaps form after the Flood? [boxed]
• The Lake Bonneville Flood
• Ice Age lakes can overtop ridges
• Possible stream capture by the Atchafalaya River

Chapter 85. The Example of the Lake Missoula Flood

• The Lake Missoula flood
• Palouse canyon water gap
• Devils Coulee wind gap
• Large floods carve downstream water and wind gaps

Part XIX - Summary and Implications

Chapter 86. Summary

• Landforms explained by the Genesis flood
• The Flood was real
• Late Flood differential vertical tectonics and its geomorphological effects
• Planation surfaces and inselbergs caused by Flood runoff
• Channelized flow features follow sheet erosion

Chapter 87. You Can Trust the Bible-All of It

• But the global Flood was real
• Therefore, we can trust the whole Bible

Appendices

Appendix 21. Three Fatally Flawed Uniformitarian Hypotheses for Pediments

• Lateral planation
• The sheetflooding hypothesis
• The weathering hypothesis

Appendix 22. Monterey Submarine Canyon Plate Tectonics Puzzle

Appendix 23. Mass Movements in the Formation of Submarine Canyons

• Turbidity currents and debris flows
• The Grand Banks slide